Friday, December 19, 2014

Part III- Chapter 23-38: Question 8

Explain how the human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer.

8 comments:

  1. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) consist of over 150 related viruses − 40 of which can be contracted just through sexual contact. Two HPVs, HPV-16 and HPV-18, are found to be the cause of 70 percent of all cases of cervical cancer (National Cancer Institute 2012). Usually when exposed to a genital HPV, a woman's immune system will attack the virus before causing any harm to surrounding cells (Gallenberg 2013). It is common that after contracting one of most types of HPV, that the infection diminishes without treatment in a few months, and in some cases 90 percent clear up within 2 years. Only a particular types of HPV are continual and eventually lead to cancer(World Health Organization 2014). In other cases, victims have a weak immune system, had several offspring, have untreated STDs, use long-term oral contraceptives, smoke or have chronic inflammation. These factors increase their risks of an HPV infection (National Cancer Institute 2012). Cells of the cervix will show symptoms of a viral infection which develop into cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(Gallenberg 2013), or precancerous lesions. These lesions typically go away for a woman with a healthy immune system, but can turn cancerous in 15 to 20 years without treatment. For others with weakened immune systems, cancer can develop cancer in 5 to 10 years(World Health Organization 2014). HPV vaccinations like Gardasil and Cervarvix provide protection from most types of HPVs; Cervarvix can be used only on females of the ages 9 to 25, but Gardisil is permitted for anyone who is 9 to 26 years of age(Gallenberg 2013).

    Gallenberg, Mary M. M.D. (2013, August 24). How does HPV cause cervical cancer?. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/expert-answers/cervical-cancer/faq-20057909.

    National Cancer Institute (2012, March 15). HPV and Cancer. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV.

    World Health Organization (2014 November). Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/.

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    Replies
    1. Hi Elisabeth, why are some people against vaccinating their young teenage daughters against HPV?

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    2. It is best for teenage girls to get vaccinated against HPV at a younger age, because it prevents a possible HPV infection from causing cervical cancer, vaginal, vulvar, anal, throat, and mouth cancer as well as genital warts. The vaccination against HPV infections also creates a higher immune response in younger teenage girls than in older teenage girls(Center for Disease Control 2014). The HPV vaccine is not for pregnant girls, so it is best to get it earlier before they become sexually active. The vaccine is less effective on a girl or woman who was contracted 1 or more of the HPVs. It is still possible for an older adolescent to get the HPV vaccine even though it will not be as effective(Center for Disease Control 2014).

      Center for Disease Control(2014, July 17). HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women - Fact Sheet. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv-vaccine-young-women.htm?mobile=nocontent

      Center for Disease Control (2014, July 24). HPV Vaccine for Preteens and Teens. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/vaccines/who/teens/vaccines/hpv.html.

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  2. In addition to Elizabeth, in order for the HPV to cause cancer it must be introduced into the host cells. The HPV virus inserts its DNA into the DNA of the host which then “produces proteins that lead to cancer” (Skloot, 2010, p.213). When it came to the HPV- 18 strain in Henrietta, the HPV-18 strain had inserted its DNA into the long arm of her eleventh chromosome and “turned off her p53 tumor suppressor” (Skloot, 2010, p.213). The HPV- 18 strain is what made her cervical cancer so extreme. Also virtually all cervical cancers “are caused by high risk HPVs” (National Cancer Institute 2012). In some cases, an HPV infection can go away in a few years and only cause “abnormal cell changes” (National Cancer Institute 2012). But those infections that do persist and are associated with the high risk HPV type, may “progress to cancer” if not treated (National Cancer Institute 2012).

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    Replies
    1. To add on to the discussion, HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Nearly all sexually active men and women get HPV at some point of their lives. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers such as vulva, vagina, penis or anus. People who have weak immune systems won’t be able to fight back HPV and due to that they develop health problems. Girls at the age of 12 or 13 are offered the HPV vaccination to protect them against cervical cancer. HPV is easily spread by sexual intercourse. Infections from high-risk HPV can cause an abnormal tissue growth which leads to cervical cancer. A vaccine called Gardasil protects against two types of HPV. It is a safe vaccine, but some girls aren’t able to get it, but if a girl has missed getting this vaccine and wants to get it then she may do so. Cervical screening is a way of seeing abnormal cells in the cervix before they form a cancer tumor. Scientists have learned that, “HPV inserts its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, where it produces proteins that lead to cause. They also found that when they blocked the HPV DNA, cervical cancer cells stopped being cancerous” (Skloot 213).

      Cervical cancer vaccine. (2014, September 24). Retrieved January 18, 2015, from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/hpv-human-papillomavirus-vaccine.aspx

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